Industrial design studies function and form and the connections between product, user, and environment. Industrial design is design applied to products that are intended to be manufactured at scale. The industry's beginnings were in growth of large workshops in cities such as Florence and Venice in the 15th and 16th century, before mechanization during the UK's industrial revolution enabled products to be created at a much greater scale. Famous products created by industrial designers include the Volkswagen Beetle, Eames Chair, and Apple iPhone.